RESOURCES
Resources
Medical Journals
Research Publications
Research Initiatives
CBD Medical Research
Research by Condition
Addiction/Withdrawal
- Bachhuber, M.A., Saloner, B., Cunningham, C.O., and Barry, C.L. (2014). Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Analgesic Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1999–2010. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(10), 1668–1673. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4392651/
- Bisaga, A., Sullivan, M.A., Glass, A., Mishlen, K., Pavlicova, M., Haney, M., Raby, W.N., Levin, F.R., Carpenter, K.M., Mariani, J.J., and Nunes, E.V. (2015, September 1). The effects of dronabinol during detoxification and the initiation of treatment with extended release naltrexone. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 154, 38-45. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536087/
- DrugFacts: Heroin. (2014, October). National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/heroin.
- Heroin Addiction. (n.d.). Addictions.com. Retrieved from http://www.addictions.com/heroin/.
- Lucas, P., Reiman, A., Earleywine, M., McGowan, S.K., Oleson, M., Coward, M.P. and Thomas, B. (2012). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in Canadian medical cannabis patients. Addiction Research and Theory, Early Online, 1-8. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/16066359.2012.733465?needAccess=true.
- Maldonado, R., Valverde, O., and Berrendero, F. (2006, April). Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in drug addiction. Trends in Neurosciences, 29(4), 225-32. Retrieved from http://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/abstract/S0166-2236(06)00025-7?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0166223606000257%3Fshowall%3Dtrue.
- Morel, L.J., Giros, B., and Dauge, V. (2009, October). Adolescent exposure to chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol blocks opiate dependence in maternally deprived rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(11), 2469-76. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v34/n11/full/npp200970a.html.
- Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6, 35. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795734/.
- Valverde, O., Noble, F., Beslot, F., Dauge, V., Fournie-Zaluski, M.C., and Roques, B.P. (2001, May). Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol releases and facilitates the effects of endogenous enkephalins: reduction in morphine withdrawal syndrome without change in rewarding effect. European Journal of Neuroscience, (13)9, 1816-24. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01558.x/full.
- Walsh, Z., Gonzalez, R., Crosby, K., S Thiessmen, M., Carroll, C., and Bonn-Miller, M.O. (2016, October 12). Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 15-29. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735816300939.
Anorexia
- Andries, A., Frystyk, J., Flyvbjerg, A., and Stoving, RK. (2015, July). Changes in IGF-I, urinary free cortisol and adipokines during dronabinol therapy in anorexia nervosa: Results from a randomised, controlled trial. Growth Hormone & IGF Research, (15), 30017-4. Retrieved from http://www.growthhormoneigfresearch.com/article/S1096-6374(15)30017-4/fulltext.
- Andries, A., Frystyk, J., Flyvbjerg, A., and Stoving, R.K. (2014, January). Dronabinol in severe, enduring anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, (47)1, 18-23. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/eat.22173/full.
- Andries, A., Gram, B., and Stoving, R.K. (2015, March). Effect of dronabinol therapy on physical activity in anorexia nervosa: a randomised, controlled trial. Eating and Weight Disorders, 20(1), 13-21. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40519-014-0132-5.
- Anorexia Nervosa. (n.d.). NEDA. Retrieved from https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/anorexia-nervosa.
- Beal, J.E., Olson, R., Laubenstein, L., Morales, J.O., Bellman, P., Yangco, B., Lefkowitz, L, Plasse, T.F. and Shephard, K.V. (1995, February). Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. Journal of Pain and System Management, 10(2), 89-97. Retrieved from http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/0885-3924(94)00117-4/pdf.
- Cota, D., Marsicano, G., Lutz, B., Vicennati, V., Stalla, G.K., Pasquali, R., and Pagotto, U. (2013, March). Endogenous cannabinoid system as a modulator of food intake. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 27(3), 289-301. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v27/n3/full/0802250a.html.
- Koch, M., Varela, L., Geun Kim, J., Dae Kim, J., Hernández-Nuño, F., Simonds, S.E., Castorena, C.M., Vianna, C.R., Elmquist, J.K., Morozov, Y.M., Rakic, P., Bechmann, I., Cowley, M.A., Szigeti-Buck, K., Dietrich, M.L., Gao, X.-B., Diano, S., and Horvath, T.L. (2015, March 5). Hypothalamic POMC neurons promote cannabinoid-induced feeding. Nature, 519, 45-50. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496586/.
- Mechoulam, R., Berry, E.M., Avraham, Y., Di Marzo, V., and Fride, E. (2006). Endocannabinoids, feedling and suckling – from our perspective. International Journal of Obesity, 30, S24-S28. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v30/n1s/full/0803274a.html.
- Scherma, M., Fattore, L., Castelli, M.P., Fratta, W., and Fadda, P. (2014). The role of the endocannabinoid system in eating disorders: neurochemical and behavioural preclinical evidence. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(13), 2089-99. Retrieved from http://www.eurekaselect.com/111826/article
Anxiety
- Anxiety & Panic Disorders Health Center: Anxiety Disorders. (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/guide/mental-health-anxiety-disorders.
- Anxiety Disorders. (2015, May). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml.
- Bluett, R.J., Gamble-George, J.C., Hermanson, D.J., Hartley, N.D., Marnett, L.J., and Patel, S. (2014). Central anandamide deficiency predicts stress-induced anxiety: behavioral reversal through endocannabinoid augmentation. Translational Psychiatry, 4(7), e408. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119220/.
- García-Gutiérrez, M.S., García-Bueno, B., Zoppi, S., Leza, J.C., and Manzanares, J. (2012, February). Chronic blockade of cannabinoid CB2 receptors induces anxiolytic-like actions associated with alternations in GABAA British Journal of Pharmacology, 165(4), 951-964. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312491/.
- García-Gutiérrez, M.S., and Manzanares, J. (2011, January). Overexpression of CB2 cannabinoid receptors decreased vulnerability to anxiety and impaired anxiolytic action of alprazolam in mice. Journal of Pharmacology, 25(1), 111-120. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0269881110379507.
- Moreira, F.A., Kaiser, N., Monory, K., and Lutz, B., (2008, January). Reduced anxiety-like behaviour induced by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is mediated by CB1 receptors. Neuropharmacology, 54(1), 141-50. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390807002146.
- Walsh, Z., Gonzalez, R., Crosby, K., Thiessmen, M.S., Carroll, C., and Bonn-Miller, M.O. (2016, October 12). Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 15-29. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735816300939.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Amtmann, D., Weydt, P., Johnson, KL., Jensen, M.P., and Carter, G.T. (2004). Survey of cannabis use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 21(2), 94-104. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/104990910402100206.
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet. (n.d.) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis/detail_ALS.htm.
- Bilsland, L.G., Dick, J.R., Pryce, G., Petrosino, S., Di Marzo, V., Baker, D., and Greensmith, L. (2006). Increasing cannabinoid levels by pharmacological and genetic manipulation delay disease progression in SOD1 mice. The FASEB Journal, 20(7), 1003-1005. Retrieved from http://www.fasebj.org/content/20/7/1003.long.
- Carter, G.T., Abood, M.E., Aggarwal, S.K., and Weiss, M.D. (2010). Cannabis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: hypothetical and practical applications, and a call for clinical trials. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 27(5), 347-356. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909110369531.
- Raman, C., McAllister, S.D., Rizvi, G., Patel, S.G., Moore, D.H., and Abood, M.E. (2004). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: delayed disease progression in mice by treatment with a cannabinoid. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Other Motor Neuron Disorders, 5(1), 33-30. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660820310016813.
- What is ALS? (n.d.). ALS Association. Retrieved from http://www.alsa.org/about-als/what-is-als.html.
Arthritis
- Arthritis. (2014, July 15). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/basics/definition/con-20034095.
- Arthritis. (n.d.). MedlinePlus. Retrieved from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html – cat51.
- Burston, J.J., Sagar, D.R., Shao, P., Bai, M., King, E., Brailsford, L., Turner, J.M., Hathway, G.J., Bennett, A.J., Walsh, D.A., Kendall, D.A., Lichtman, A., and Chapman, V. (2013). Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80440. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840025/.
- Fukada, S., Kohsaka, H., Takayasu, A., Yokoyama, W., Miyabe, C., Miyabe, Y., Harigai, M., Miyasaka, N., and Nanki, T. (2004). Cannabinoid receptor 2 as a potential therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 15, 275. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4243420/.
- Kong, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, C., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., and Zhou, X. (2016, June). Cannabinoid WIN‑55,212‑2 mesylate inhibits ADAMTS‑4 activity in human osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes by inhibiting expression of syndecan‑1. Molecular Medicine Reports, 13(6), 4569-76. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4878569/.
- La Porta, C., Bura, S.A., Negrete, R., and Maldonado, R. (2014, February). Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in osteoarthritis pain. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 39(3), 485-500. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/ejn.12468/full.
- Richardson, D., Pearson, R.G., Kurian, N., Latif, M.L., Garle, M.J., Barrett, D.A., Kendall, D.A., Scammell, B.E., Reeve, A.J., and Chapman, V. (2008). Characterisation of the cannabinoid receptor system in synovial tissue and fluid in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 10:R43. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453762/.
- Schuelert, N., and McDougall, J.J. (2008, January). Cannabinoid-mediated antinociception is enhanced in rat osteoarthritic knees. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 58(1), 145-53. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.23156/full.
Asthma/COPD
- Arthritis. (2014, July 15). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthritis/basics/definition/con-20034095.
- Arthritis. (n.d.). MedlinePlus. Retrieved from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html – cat51.
- Burston, J.J., Sagar, D.R., Shao, P., Bai, M., King, E., Brailsford, L., Turner, J.M., Hathway, G.J., Bennett, A.J., Walsh, D.A., Kendall, D.A., Lichtman, A., and Chapman, V. (2013). Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80440. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840025/.
- Fukada, S., Kohsaka, H., Takayasu, A., Yokoyama, W., Miyabe, C., Miyabe, Y., Harigai, M., Miyasaka, N., and Nanki, T. (2004). Cannabinoid receptor 2 as a potential therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 15, 275. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4243420/.
- Kong, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, C., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., and Zhou, X. (2016, June). Cannabinoid WIN‑55,212‑2 mesylate inhibits ADAMTS‑4 activity in human osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes by inhibiting expression of syndecan‑1. Molecular Medicine Reports, 13(6), 4569-76. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4878569/.
- La Porta, C., Bura, S.A., Negrete, R., and Maldonado, R. (2014, February). Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in osteoarthritis pain. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 39(3), 485-500. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/ejn.12468/full.
- Richardson, D., Pearson, R.G., Kurian, N., Latif, M.L., Garle, M.J., Barrett, D.A., Kendall, D.A., Scammell, B.E., Reeve, A.J., and Chapman, V. (2008). Characterisation of the cannabinoid receptor system in synovial tissue and fluid in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 10:R43. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453762/.
- Schuelert, N., and McDougall, J.J. (2008, January). Cannabinoid-mediated antinociception is enhanced in rat osteoarthritic knees. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 58(1), 145-53. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.23156/full.
Autism
Real life Experience of Medical Cannabis Treatment in Autism- Analysis of Safety and Efficacy www.nature.com/scientificreports Lihi Bar-Lev Schleider, Raphael Mechoulam, Naama Saban, Gal Meiri & Victor Novack. Jan 19, 2019
Bone Health
- Bab, I., and Zimmer, A. (2008). Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of bone mass. British Journal of Pharmacology, 153, 182-188. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219540/.
- Bab, I., Zimmer, A., and Melamed, E. (2009). Cannabinoids and the skeleton: from marijuana to reversal of bone loss. Annals of Medicine. 41(8), 560-7. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07853890903121025?needAccess=true.
- Bone Health: Tips to Keep Your Bones Healthy. (February 9, 2013). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/bone-health/art-20045060.
- Idris, A.I., and Ralston, S.H. (2012). Role of cannabinoids in the regulation of bone remodeling. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 3, 136. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499879/.
- Khalid, A.B., Goodyear, S.R., Ross, R.A., and Aspden, R.M. (2016, October). Mechanical and material properties of cortical and trabecular bone from cannabinoid receptor-1-null (Cnr1(-/-)) mice. Medical Engineering & Physics, 38(10), 1044-54. Retrieved from http://www.medengphys.com/article/S1350-4533(16)30148-5/fulltext.
- Ofek, O., Karsak, M., Leclerc, N., Fogel, M., Frenkel, B., Wright, K., Tam, J., Attar-Namdar, M., Kram, V., Shohami, E., Mechoulam, R., Zimmer, A., and Bab, I. (2006). Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(3), 696–701. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1334629/.
- Sun, Y.X., Xu, A.H., Yang, Y., Zhang, J.X., and Yu, A.W. (2015). Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 enhances osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived from mesenchymal stem cells. BioMed Research International, Article ID 874982, 8 pages. Retrieved from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/874982/.
- Tam, J., Trembovler, V., Di Marzo, V., Petrosino, S., Leo, G., Alexandrovich, A., Regev, E., Casap, N., Shteyer, A., Ledent, C., Karsak, M., Zimmer, A., Mechoulam, R., Yirmiya, R., Shohami, E., and Bab, I. (2008, January). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor regulates bone formation by modulating adrenergic signaling. FASEB Journal, 22(1), 285-94. Retrieved from http://www.fasebj.org/content/22/1/285.long.
- Whyte, L.S., Ford, L., Ridge, S.A., Cameron, G.A., Rogers, M.J., and Ross, RA. (2012, April). Cannabinoids and bone: endocannabinoids modulate human osteoclast function in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology. 165(8), 2584-97. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3423262/.
Cachexia
- Abrams, D.I., Jay, C.A., Shade, S.B., Vizoso, H., Reda, H., Press, S., Kelly, M.E., Rowbotham, M.C., and Petersen, K.L. (2007, February). Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology, 68(7), 515-21. Retrieved from http://safeaccess.ca/research/pdf/hiv_pain_cannabis_abrams.pdf.
- Andries, A., Gram, B. and Stoving, RK. (2015, March). Effect of dronabinol therapy on physical activity in anorexia nervosa: a randomised, controlled trial. Eating and Weight Disorders, 20(1), 13-21. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40519-014-0132-5.
- Beal, J.E., Olson, R., Laubenstein, L., Morales, J.O., Bellman, P., Yangco, B., Lefkowitz, L, Plasse, T.F., and Shephard, KV. (1995, February). Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. Journal of Pain and System Management, 10(2), 89-97. Retrieved from http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/0885-3924(94)00117-4/pdf.
- Cachexia (n.d.). Patient. Retrieved from http://patient.info/doctor/cachexia.
- Cota, D., Marsicano, G., Lutz, B., Vicennati, V., Stalla, G.K., Pasquali, R., and Pagotto, U. (2003). Endogenous cannabinoid system as a modulator of food intake. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 289-301. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v27/n3/full/0802250a.html.
- Jatoi, A., Windschitl, H.E., Loprinzi, C.L., Sloan, J.A., Dakhil, S.R., Mailliard, J.A., Pundaleeka, S., Kardinal, C.G., Fitch, T.R., Krook, J.E., Novotny, P.J., and Christensen, B. (2002). Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(2), 567-73. Retrieved from http://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2002.20.2.567.
- Koch, M., Varela, L., Geun Kim, J., Dae Kim, J., Hernández-Nuño, F., Simonds, S.E., Castorena, C.M., Vianna, C.R., Elmquist, J.K., Morozov, Y.M., Rakic, P., Bechmann, I., Cowley, M.A., Szigeti-Buck, K., Dietrich, M.L., Gao, X.-B., Diano, S., and Horvath, T.L. (2015, March 5). Hypothalamic POMC neurons promote cannabinoid-induced feeding. Nature, 519, 45-50. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496586/.
- Mechoulam, R., Berry, E.M., Avraham, Y., Di Marzo, V., and Fride, E. (2006). Endocannabinoids, feeding and sucking – from our perspective. International Journal of Obesity, 30, S24-S28. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v30/n1s/full/0803274a.html
- Nauck, F., Klaschik,E. (2004, June). Cannabinoids in the treatment of the cachexia-anorexia syndrome in palliative care patients. Schmerz, 18(3), 197-202. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00482-003-0277-z.
- What causes Cancer Cachexia? (n.d.). Cancer Cachexia Hub. Retrieved from http://www.cancercachexia.com/what-causes-cancer-cachexia.
Cancer Side Effects
- Benz, A. H., Renné, C., Maronde, E., Koch, M., Grabiec, U., Kallendrusch, S., Rengstl, B., Newrzela, S., Hartmann, S., Hansmann, M.L., and Dehghani, F. (2013). Expression and Functional Relevance of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 in Hodgkin Lymphoma. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e81675. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3857220/?report=reader.
- Blázquez, C., Casanova, M.L., Planas, A., Gómez Del Pulgar, T., Villanueva, C., Fernández-Aceñero, M.J., Aragonés, J., Huffman, J.W., Jorcano, J.L., Guzmán, M. (2003, March). Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by cannabinoids. FASEB Journal, 17(3), 529-31. Retrieved from http://www.fasebj.org/content/early/2003/03/02/fj.02-0795fje.long.
- Blazquez, C., Gonzalez-Feria, L., Alvarez, L., Haro, A., Casanova, M.L., and Guzman, M. (2004, August 15). Cannabinoids inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in gliomas. Cancer Research, 64(16), 5617-23. Retrieved from http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/64/16/5617.long.
- Blázquez, C., Carracedo, A., Barrado, L., Real, P.J., Fernández-Lun, J.L., Velasco, G., Malumbres, M., and Guzmán, M. (2006, December) Cannabinoid receptors as novel targets for the treatment of melanoma. FASEB Journal, 20(14), 2633-5. Retrieved from http://www.fasebj.org/content/20/14/2633.long.
- Brisbois, T.D., de Kock, I.H., Watanabe, S.M., Mirhosseini, M., Lamoureux, D.C., Chasen, M., MacDonald, N., Baracos, V.E., and Wismer, W.V. (2011, February 22). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol may palliate altered chemosensory perception in cancer patients: results of a randomized-double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Annals of Oncology, 22, 2086-2093. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/22/9/2086/211788/Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-may-palliate-altered.
- Caffarel, M. M., Andradas, C., Mira, E., Pérez-Gómez, E., Cerutti, C., Moreno-Bueno, G., Flores, J.M., Garcia-Real, I., Palacios, J., Manes, S., Guzman, M., and Sánchez, C. (2010). Cannabinoids reduce ErbB2-driven breast cancer progression through Akt inhibition. Molecular Cancer, 9, 196. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917429/.
- Carracedo, A., Lorente, M., Egia, A., Blázquez, C., García, S., Giroux, V., Malicet, C., Villuendas, R., Gironella, M., González-Feria, L., Piris, M.A., Iovanna, J.L., Guzmán, M., Velasco, G. (2006, April). The stress-regulated protein p8 mediates cannabinoid-induced apoptosis of tumor cells. Cancer Cell, 9(4), 301-12. Retrieved from http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/fulltext/S1535-6108(06)00085-7.
- Casanova, M.L., Blázquez, C., Martínez-Palacio, J., Villanueva, C., Fernández-Aceñero, M.J., Huffman, J.W., Jorcano, J.L., and Guzmán, M. (2003). Inhibition of skin tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo by activation of cannabinoid receptors. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111(1), 43–50. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151833/.
- Cudaback, E., Marrs, W., Moeller, T., and Stella, N. (2010). The Expression Level of CB1 and CB2Receptors Determines Their Efficacy at Inducing Apoptosis in Astrocytomas. PLoS ONE, 5(1), e8702. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2806825/.
- De Petrocellis, L., Melck, D., Palmisano, A., Bisogno, T., Laezza, C., Bifulco, M., and Di Marzo, V. (1998). The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95(14), 8375–8380. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20983/.
- Estimated Number of New Cancer Cases and Deaths by Sex, US, 2015. (2015). American Cancer Society. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@editorial/documents/document/acspc-044514.pdf.
- Galve-Roperh, I., Sanchez, C., Cortes, M.L., Gomez del Pulgar, T., Izquiero, M., and Guzman, M. (2000, March). Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids: Involvement of sustained ceramide accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Nature Medicine, 6(3), 313-9. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v6/n3/full/nm0300_313.html.
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Chronic Pain
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Crohn’s Disease
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- Crohn’s disease. (2014, August 13). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/definition/con-20032061.
- Hergenrather, J. (2005, Autumn). Cannabis alleviates symptoms of Crohn’s disease. O’Shaughnessy’s. Retrieved from http://cannabisclinicians.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Cannabis-for-Crohns-Disease.pdf.
- Lahat, A., Lang, A., and Ben-Horin, S. (2012). Impact of cannabis treatment on the quality of life, weight and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a pilot prospective study. Digestion, 85(1), 1-8. Retrieved from https://www.karger.com/Article/Purchase/332079.
- Ravikoff Allegretti, J., Courtwright, A., Lucci, M., Korzenik, J.R., and Levine, J. (2013, December). Marijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 19(13), 2809-14. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4126607/.
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Depression
- Anderson, D.M., Rees, D.I., and Sabia, J.J. (2012, January 7). High on Life? Medical Marijuana Laws and Suicide. Cato Institute, 17. Retrieved from http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/research_brief_17.pdf.
- Ashton, C.H., and Moore, P.B. (2011, October). Endocannabinoid system dysfunction in mood and related disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(4), 250-61. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01687.x/full.
- Bricker, J.B., Russo, J., Stein, M.B., Sherbourne, C., Craske, M., Schraufnagel, T.J., and Roy-Byrne, P. (2007). Does occasional cannabis use impact anxiety and depression treatment outcomes?: Results from a randomized effectiveness trial. Depression and Anxiety, 24(6), 392-8. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/da.20248/pdf.
- Denson, T.F., and Earleywine, M. (2006, April). Decreased depression in marijuana users. Addictive Behaviors, 31(4), 738-742. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306460305001577.
- Depression (major depressive disorder). (2015, July 22). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/basics/definition/con-20032977.
- Gorzalka, B.B., and Hill, M.N. (2011, August 15). Putative role of endocannabinoid signaling in the etiology of depression and actions of antidepressants. Progress in Neuro-Pschopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 35(7), 1575-85. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584610004380.
- Haj-Dahmane, S., and Shen, R.Y. (2014, October 29). Chronic stress impaires α1-adrenoceptor-induced endocannabinoid-dependent synaptic plasticity in the dorsal raphe nucleus. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(44), 14560-14570. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4212061/.
- Hill, M.N., and Gorzalka, B.B. (2009, December). The endocannabinoid system and the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets, 8(6), 451-8. Retrieved from http://www.eurekaselect.com/93571/article.
- Hill, M.N., Hillard, C.J., Bambico, F.R., Patel., S, Gorzalka, B.B., and Gobbi, G. (2009, September). The therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid system for the development of a novel class of antidepressants. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 30(9), 484-93. Retrieved from http://www.cell.com/trends/pharmacological-sciences/abstract/S0165-6147(09)00121-7?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0165614709001217%3Fshowall%3Dtrue.
- Hill, M. N., Miller, G. E., Carrier, E. J., Gorzalka, B. B., & Hillard, C. J. (2009). Circulating Endocannabinoids and N-Acyl Ethanolamines Are Differentially Regulated in Major Depression and Following Exposure to Social Stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(8), 1257–1262. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716432/.
- Ho, W. V., Hill, M. N., Miller, G. E., Gorzalka, B. B., & Hillard, C. J. (2012). Serum contents of endocannabinoids are correlated with blood pressure in depressed women. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11, 32. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334711/.
- Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Xiao, L., Van Cleemput, J., Ji, S.P., Bai, G., and Zhang, X. (2005, November). Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(11), 3104-3116. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253627/.
- Smaga, I., Bystrowska, B., Gawliński, D., Pomierny, B., Stankowicz, P., & Filip, M. (2014). Antidepressants and Changes in Concentration of Endocannabinoids and N-Acylethanolamines in Rat Brain Structures. Neurotoxicity Research, 26(2), 190–206. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4067538/.
- What Is Depression? (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml.
Dystonia
- Baker, D., Pryce, G., Croxford, J.L., Brown, P., Pertwee, R.G., Huffman, J.W., and Layward, L. (2000, March 2). Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature, 404(6773), 84-7. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/35003583.
- Borgelt, L.M., Franson, K.L., Nussbaum, A.M., and Wang, G.S. (2013, February). The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis. Pharmacotherapy, 33(2), 195-209. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/phar.1187/full.
- Chatterjee, A., Almahrezi, A., Ware, M., and Fitzcharles, M.A. (2002, July). A dramatic response to inhaled cannabis in a woman with central thalamic pain and dystonia. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 24(1), 4-6. Retrieved from http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(02)00426-8/fulltext.
- Dystonia. (2015, November 25). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dystonia/home/ovc-20163692.
- Dystonias Fact Sheet. (2015, July 6). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dystonias/detail_dystonias.htm.
- Jabusch, H.C., Schneider, U., and Altenmuller, E. (2004, August). Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol improves motor control in a patient with musician’s dystonia. Movement Disorders, 19(8), 990-1. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/mds.20214/full.
- Pertwee, R.G. (2002, August). Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 95(2), 165-74. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725802002553.
- Uribe Roca, M.C., Micheli, F., and Viotti, R. (2005, January). Cannabis sativa and dystonia secondary to Wilson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 20(1), 113-5. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/mds.20268/full.
Epilepsy
- Blair, R.E., Deshpande, L.S., Sombati, S., Falenski, K.W., Martin, B.R., and DeLorenzo, R.J. (2006, June). Activation of the cannabinoid type-1 receptor mediates the anticonvulsant properties of cannabinoids in the hippocampal neuronal culture models of acquired epilepsy and status epilepticus. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 317(3), 1072-1078. Retrieved from http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/317/3/1072.long.
- Epilepsy (2014, November 22). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/home/ovc-20117206.
- Epilepsy Statistics. (2014, March). Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/epilepsy-statistics.
- Karlócai, M. R., Tóth, K., Watanabe, M., Ledent, C., Juhász, G., Freund, T. F., & Maglóczky, Z. (2011). Redistribution of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors in the Acute and Chronic Phases of Pilocarpine-Induced Epilepsy. PLoS ONE, 6(11), e27196. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208595/.
- NINDS Epilepsy Information Page. (2015, July 17). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/epilepsy/epilepsy.htm.
- Wallace, M.J., Martin, B.R., and DeLorenzo, R.J. (2002). Evidence for a physiological role of endocannabinoids in the modulation of seizure threshold and severity. European Journal of Pharmacology, 452(3), 295-301. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014299902023312.
- Wallace, M.J., Blair, R.E., Falenski, K.W., Martin, B.R., and DeLorenzo, R.J. (2003, October). The endogenous cannabinoid system regulates seizure frequency and duration in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 307(1), 129-37. Retrieved from http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/307/1/129.long.
Fibromyalgia
- Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/clinical-updates/neurosciences/chiari-malformation-syringomyelia.
- de Souza Nascimento, S., Desantana, J.M., Nampo, F.K., Ribeiro, E.A., da Silva, D.L., Araujo-Junior, J.X., da Silva Almeida, J.R., Bonjardim, L.R., de Souza Araujo, A.A., and Quintans-Junior, L.J. (2013). Efficacy and safety of medicinal plants or related natural products for fibromyalgia: a systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3687718/.
- Fibromyalgia. (2014, February 20). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fibromyalgia/basics/definition/con-20019243.
- Fibromyalgia. (2014, July). National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Retrieved from http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/fibromyalgia/.
- Fiz., J., Duran, M., Capella, D., Carbonell, J., and Farre, M. (2011, April). Cannabis use in patients with fibromyalgia: effect on symptoms relief and health-related quality of life. PLoS One, 6(4). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080871/.
- Skrabek, R.Q., Galimova, L., Ethans, K., and Perry. D. (2008, February). Nabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. Journal of Pain, 9(2), 164-73. Retrieved from http://www.jpain.org/article/S1526-5900(07)00873-5/fulltext.
- Ste-Marie, P.A., Fitzcharles, M.A., Gamsa, A., Ware, M.A., and Shir, Y. (2012, August). Association of herbal cannabis use with negative psychosocial parameters in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care & Research, 64(8), 1202-8. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acr.21732/full.
- Ware, M.A., Fitzcharles, M.A., Joseph, L., and Shir, Y. (2010, February 1). The effects of nabilone on sleep in fibromyalgia: results of a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 110(2), 604-10. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2010&issue=02000&article=00056&type=abstract.
- Wissel, J., Haydn, T., Muller, J., Brenneis, C., Berger, T., Poewe, W., and Schelosky, L.D. (2006, October). Low dose treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone significantly reduces spasticity-related pain: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Journal of Neurology, 253(10), 1337-41. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00415-006-0218-8.
Glaucoma
- Chien, F.Y., Wang, R.F., and Mittag, T.W. (2003, January). Effect of WIN 55212-2, a Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist, on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Monkeys. Archives of Ophthalmology, 121(1), 87-90. Retrieved from http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/415023.
- Colasanti, B.K., Craig, C.R., and Allara, R.D. (1984, September). Intraocular pressure, ocular toxicity and neurotoxicity after administration of cannabinol or cannabigerol. Experimental Eye Research, 39(3), 251-9. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0014483584900137.
- Facts About Glaucoma. (n.d.). National Eye Institute. Retrieved from https://nei.nih.gov/health/glaucoma/glaucoma_facts.
- Glaucoma. (2015, September 15). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/basics/definition/con-20024042.
- Jarvinen, T., Pate, D.W., and Laine, K. (2002, August). Cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 95(2), 203-20. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725802002590.
- Merritt, J.C., Crawford, W.J., Alexander, P.C., Andruze, A.L., and Gelbart, S.S. (1980, March). Effect of marihuana on intraocular and blood pressure in glaucoma. Ophthalmology, 87(3), 222-8. Retrieved from http://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420(80)35258-5/abstract.
- Merritt, J.C., Olsen, J.L., Armstrong, J.R., and McKinnon, S.M. (1981, January). Topical delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in hypertensive glaucomas. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 33(1), 40-1. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb13699.x/pdf.
- Naveh, N., Weissman, C., Muchtar, S., Benita, S., and Mechoulam, R. (2000, April). A submicron emulsion of HU-211, a synthetic cannabinoid, reduces intraocular pressure in rabbits. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 238(4), 334-8. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs004170050361.
- Nucci, C., Bari, M., Spano, A., Corasaniti, M., Bagetta, G., Maccarrone, M., and Morrone, L.A. (2008). Potential roles of (endo)cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma: from intraocular pressure control to neuroprotection. Progress in Brain Research, 173, 451-64. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S007961230801131X.
- Porcella, A., Maxia, C., Gessa, G.L., and Pani, L. (2001, January). The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55212-2 decreases the intraocular pressure in human glaucoma resistant to conventional therapies. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13(2), 409-12. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1046/j.0953-816X.2000.01401.x/full.
Hepatitis C
- Caraceni, P., Domenicali, M., and Bernardi, M. (2008, May). The endocannabinoid system and liver diseases. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20 Suppl 1, 47-52. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01679.x/full.
- Fisher, B., Reimer, J., Firestone, M., Kalousek, K., Rehm, J., and Heathcote, J. (2006, October). Treatment for hepatitis C virus and cannabis use in illicit drug user patients: implications and questions. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 18(10), 1039-42. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/eurojgh/Fulltext/2006/10000/Treatment_for_hepatitis_C_virus_and_cannabis_use.1.aspx.
- Hepatitis C. (2015, July). World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/.
- Mallat, A., Teixeira-Clerc, F., Deveaux, V., Manin, S., and Lotersztajn, S. (2011, August). The endocannabinoid system as a key mediator during liver diseases: new insights and therapeutic openings. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), 1432-40. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165953/.
- Parker, L.A., Rock, E.M., and Limbeer, C.L. (2011, August). Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), 1411-22. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/cpt.98/full.
- Sylvestre, D.L., Clements, B.J., and Malibu, Y. (2006, October). Cannabis use improves retention and virological outcomes in patients treated for hepatitis C. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 18(10), 1057-63. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/eurojgh/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2006&issue=10000&article=00005&type=abstract.
- Viral Hepatitis – Hepatitis C Information. (2015, May 31). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm.
- Zamora-Valdes, D., Ponciano-Rodriguez, G., Chavez-Tapia, N.C., Mendez-Sanchez, N. (2005). The endocannabinoid system in chronic liver disease. Annals of Hepatology, 4(4), 248-254. Retrieved from http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/hepato/ah-2005/ah054c.pdf.
HIV
- Abrams, D.I., Hilton, J.F., Leiser, R.J., Shade, S.B., Elbeik, T.A., Aweeka, F.T., Benowitz, N.L., Bredt, B.M., Kosel, B., Aberg, J.A., Deeks, S.G., Mitchell, T.F., Mulligan, K., Bacchetti, P., McCune, J.M., and Schambelan, M. (2003). Short-term effects of cannabinoids in patients with HIV-1 infection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139, 258-266. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10574358_Short-Term_Effects_of_Cannabinoids_in_Patients_with_HIV-1_Infection_A_Randomized_Placebo-Controlled_Clinical_Trial.
- Abrams, D.I., Jay, C.A., Shade, S.B., Vizoso, H., Reda, H., Press, S., Kelly, M.E., Rowbotham, MC. and Petersen, KL. (2007, February). Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology, 68(7), 515-21. Retrieved from http://www.neurology.org/content/68/7/515.long.
- Beal, J.E., Olson, R., Laubenstein, L., Morales, J.O., Bellman, P., Yangco, B., Lefkowitz, L, Plasse, T.F. and Shephard, K.V. (1995, February). Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. Journal of Pain and System Management, 10(2), 89-97. Retrieved from http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/0885-3924(94)00117-4/pdf.
- Costantino, C.M., Gupta, A., Yewdall, A., Dale, B., Devi, L., and Chen, B. (2012) Cannabinoid Receptor 2-Mediated Attentuation of CXCR4-Tropic HIV Infection in Primary CD4+ T Cells. PLoS One, 7(3), e33961. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309010/.
- Haney, M., Rabkin, J., Gunderson, E., and Foltin, RW. (2005, August). Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV(+) marijuana smokers: acute effects on caloric intake and mood. Psychopharmacology, 181(1), 170-8. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00213-005-2242-2.
- Marcellin, F., Lions, C., Rosenthal, E., Roux, P., Sogni, P., Wittkop, L., Protopopescu, C., Spire, B., Salmon-Ceron, D., Dabis, F., Carrieri, M.P., for the HEPAVIH ANRS CO13 Study Group. (2016, April 13). No significant effect of cannabis use on the count and percentage of circulating CD4 T-cells in HIV-HCV co-infected patients (ANRS CO13-HEPAVIH French cohort). Drug and Alcohol Review, doi: 10.1111/dar.12398. [Epub ahead of print]. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/dar.12398/full.
- U.S. Statistics. (n.d.). AIDS.gov. Retrieved from https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/statistics/.
Huntington’s Disease
- Dowie, M.J., Bradshaw, H.B., Howard, M.L., Nicholson, L.F., Faull, R.L., Hannan, A.J., and Glass, M. (2009, September). Altered CB1 receptor and endocannabinoid levels precede motor symptom onset in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington’s disease. Neuroscience, 163(1), 456-65. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030645220901001X.
- Fernández-Ruiz, J., Pazos, M.R., García-Arencibia, M., Sagredo, O., and Ramos, J.A. (2008, April). Role of CB2 receptors in neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 286(1-2 Suppl 1): S91-6. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303720708000051.
- Huntington’s Disease. (2016, February 24). MedlinePlus. Retrieved from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/huntingtonsdisease.html.
- Huntington’s disease. (2014, July 24). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/huntingtons-disease/basics/definition/con-20030685.
- Latres-Becker, I., Hansen, H.H., Berrendero, F., De Miguel, R., Pérez-Rosado, A., Manzanares, J., Ramos, J.A., and Fernández-Ruiz, J. (2002, April). Alleviation of motor hyperactivity and neurochemical deficits by endocannabinoid uptake inhibition in a rat model of Huntington’s disease. Synapse, 44(1), 23-35. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/syn.10054/pdf.
- Pazos, M.R., Sagredo, O., and Fernández-Ruiz, J. (2008). The endocannabinoid system in Huntington’s disease. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14(23), 2317-25. Retrieved from http://www.eurekaselect.com/67570/article.
- Sagredo, O., García-Arencibia, M., de Lago, E., Finetti, S., Decio, A., and Fernández-Ruiz, J. (2007, August). Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in basal ganglia disorders. Molecular Neurobiology, 36(1), 82-91. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12035-007-0004-3.
Hydrocephalus
- Blair, R.E., Deshpande, L.S., Sombati, S., Falenski, K.W., Martin, B.R., and DeLorenzo, R.J. (2006, June). Activation of the cannabinoid type-1 receptor mediates the anticonvulsant properties of cannabinoids in the hippocampal neuronal culture models of acquired epilepsy and status epilepticus. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 317(3), 1072-1078. Retrieved from http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/317/3/1072.long.
- Hydrocephalus. (2014, April 2). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hydrocephalus/basics/definition/con-20030706.
- Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet. (2013, May). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydrocephalus/detail_hydrocephalus.htm.
- Parker, L.A., Mechoulam, R., Schlievert, C., Abbott, L., Fudge, M.L., and Burton, P. (2003, March). Effects of cannabinoids on lithium-induced conditioned rejection reactions in a rat model of nausea. Psychopharmacology, 166(2), 156-62. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-002-1329-2.
- Parker, L.A., Rock, E.M., Sticht, M.A., Wills, K.L., and Limebeer, C.L. (2015). Cannabinoids suppress acute and anticipatory nausea in preclinical rat models of conditioned gaping. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 97(6), 559-61. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/cpt.98/full.
- Ware, M.A., Fitzcharles, M.A., Joseph, L., and Shir, Y. (2010, February 1). The effects of nabilone on sleep in fibromyalgia: results of a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 110(2), 604-10. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2010&issue=02000&article=00056&type=abstract.
Inflammation
- Acharya, N., Penukonda, S., Shcheglova, T., Hagymasi, A.T., Basu, S., and Srivastava, P.K. (2017, March 27). Endocannabinoid system acts as a regulator of immune homeostasis in the gut. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 114(19), 5005-5010. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/114/19/5005.full.
- Adhikary, S., Li, H., Heller, J., Skarica, M., Zhang, M., Ganea, D., and Tuma, R.F. (2011). Modulation of Inflammatory Responses by a Cannabinoid-2–Selective Agonist after Spinal Cord Injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 28(12), 2417–2427. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235339/.
- Buchweitz, JP., Karmaus, PW., Williams, KJ., Harkema, JR. and Kaminski, NE. (2008, March). Targeted deletion of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 produced enhanced inflammatory responses to influenza A/PR/8/34 in the absence of presence of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 83(3), 785-96. Retrieved from http://www.jleukbio.org/content/83/3/785.long.
- Clayton, N., Marshall, FH., Bountra, C., and O’Shaughnessy, CT. (2002, April). CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors are implicated in inflammatory pain. Pain, 96(3), 253-60. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/pain/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2002&issue=04000&article=00005&type=abstract.
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Insomnia
- Calik, M.W., Radulovacki, M., and Carley, D.W. (2014, January 1). Intranodose ganglion injections of dronabinol attenuate serotonin-induced apnea in Sprague-Dawley rat. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 190, 20-24. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880550/.
- Cousens, K., and DiMascio, A. (1973). (−)δ9 THC as an hypnotic. Psychopharmacologia, 33, 355-364. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00437513.
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- Fraser, G.A. (2009). The use of a synthetic cannabinoid in the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 15, 84-88. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00071.x/pdf.
- Gates, P.J., Albertella, L., and Copeland, J. (2014, December). The effects of cannabinoid administration on sleep: a systematic review of human studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(6), 477-87. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214000215.
- Gorelick, D.A., Goodwin, R.S., Schwilke, E., Schroeder, J.R., Schwope, D.M., Kelly, D.L., Ortemann-Renon, C., Bonnett, D., and Huestis, M.A. (2013, September-October). Around-the-clock oral THC effects on sleep in male chronic daily cannabis smokers. The American Journal on Addictions, 22(5), 510-514. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4537525/.
- Jetley, R., Heber, A., Fraser, G., and Boisvert, D. (2015, January). The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: A preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 585-8. Retrieved from http://www.psyneuen-journal.com/article/S0306-4530(14)00413-2/fulltext.
- Murillo-Rodríguez, E., Palomero-Rivero, M., Millán-Aldaco, D., Arias-Carrión, O., and Drucker-Colín, R. (2011). Administration of URB597, Oleoylethanolamide or Palmitoylethanolamide Increases Waking and Dopamine in Rats. PLoS ONE, 6(7), e20766. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136458/.
- Pava, M.J., Makriyannis, A., and Lovinger, D.M. (2016). Endocannabinoid Signaling Regulates Sleep Stability. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0152473. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4816426/.
- Prasad, B., Radulovacki, M.G., and Carley, D.W. (2013). Proof of Concept Trial of Dronabinol in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 1. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3550518/.
- Rueda-Orozco, P.E., Soria-Gomez, E., Montes-Rodriguez, C.J., Perez-Morales, M., and Prospero-Garcia, O. (2010, April 5). Intrahippocampal administration of anandamide increases REM sleep. Neuroscience Letters, 473(2), 158-162. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394010002284.
- Santucci, V., Storme, J.J., Soubrie, P., and Le Fur, G. (1996, January). Arousal-enhancing properties of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A in rats as assessed by electroencephalographic spectral and sleep-waking cycle analysis. Life Sciences, 58(6), PL103-10. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024320595023194?via%3Dihub.
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Interstitial Cystitis
- Freeman, R.M., Adekanmi, O., Waterfield, M.R., Waterfield, A.E., Wright, D., and Zajicek, J. (2006, November). The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS). International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, 17(6), 636-41.Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00192-006-0086-x.
- Fullhause, C., Campeau, L., Sibaev, A., Storr, M., Hennenberg, M., Gratzke, C., Stief, C., Hedlund, P., and Andersson, K.-E. (2014, January). Bladder function in a cannabinoid receptor type 1 knockout mouse. BJU International, 113(1), 144-151. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bju.12350/full.
- Krenn, H., Daha, L.K., Oczenski, W., and Fitzgerald, R.D. (2003, January). A case of cannabinoid rotation in a young woman with chronic cystitis. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 25(1), 3-4. Retrieved from http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(02)00601-2/fulltext.
- Pertwee, R.G., and Fernando, S.R. (1996, August). Evidence for the presence of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in mouse urinary bladder. British Journal of Pharmacology, 118(8), 2053-8. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1909890/pdf/brjpharm00087-0186.pdf.
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. (2006, May 21). Marijuana-derived Drug Suppresses Bladder Pain In Animal Models. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 17, 2017 from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060521103039.htm.
- Wang, Z.-Y., Wang, P., & Bjorling, D. E. (2013). Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 inhibits experimental cystitis. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 304(10), R846–R853. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652164/.
- Wang, Z.-Y., Wang, P., and Bjorling, D.E. (2014, April). Treatment with a cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist decreases severity of established cystitis. The Journal of Urology, 191(4), 1153-1158. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4163202/.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Borrelli, F., Fasolino, I., Romano, B., Capasso, R., Maiello, F., Coppola, D., Orlando, P., and Battista, G. (2013, May). Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Biochemical Pharmacology, 85(9), 1306-1316. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295213000543.
- Di Carlo, G., and Izzo, A.A. (2003, January). Cannabinoids for gastrointestinal diseases: potential therapeutic applications. Expert Opinion on Investigative Drugs, 12(1), 39-49. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1517/13543784.12.1.39?needAccess=true.
- GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. (2015, January 10). Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 385(9963), 117-71. Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext.
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (2015, February 18). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/basics/definition/con-20034908.
- Lahat, A., Lang, A. and Ben-Horin, S. (2012). Impact of cannabis treatment on the quality of life, weight and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a pilot prospective study. Digestion, 85(1), 1-8. Retrieved from https://www.karger.com/Article/Purchase/332079.
- Lal, S., Prasad, N., Ryan, M., Tangri, S., Silverberg, M.S., Gordon, A., and Steinhart, H. (2011, October). Cannabis use amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 23(10), 891-6. Retrieved from Cannabis use amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/eurojgh/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2011&issue=10000&article=00011&type=abstract.
- Lim, C.T., Kola, B., Feltrin, D., Perez-Tilve, D., Tschöp, M.H., Grossman, A.B., and Korbonits, M. (2013). Ghrelin and cannabinoids require the ghrelin receptor to affect cellular energy metabolism. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 365(2), 303–308. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566541/.
- Pertwell, R. (2001, June). Cannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract. Gut, 48(6), 859-867. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1728337/.
- Ravikoff Allegretti, J., Courtwright, A., Lucci, M., Korzenik, J.R., and Levine, J. (2013, December). Marijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases,19(13), 2809-14. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4126607/.
- Storr, M., Devlin, S., Kaplan, G.G., Panaccione, R., and Andrews, C.N. (2014, March). Cannabis use provides symptom relief in patients with inflammatory bowel disease but is associated with worse disease prognosis in patients with Crohn’s disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 20(3), 472-80. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/ibdjournal/Abstract/2014/03000/Cannabis_Use_Provides_Symptom_Relief_in_Patients.6.aspx.
Lupus
- Chang, Y.H., Lee, S.T., and Lin, W.W. (2001). Effects of cannabinoids on LPS-stimulated inflammatory mediator release from macrophages: Involvement of eicosanoids. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 81(4), 715-23. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/jcb.1103/full.
- Clayton, N., Marshall, FH., Bountra, C., and O’Shaughnessy, CT. (2002, April). CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors are implicated in inflammatory pain. Pain, 96(3), 253-60. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/pain/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2002&issue=04000&article=00005&type=abstract.
- Goya, P., and Jagerovic, N. (2000). Recent advances in cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 10, 1529-38. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1517/13543776.10.10.1529?needAccess=true.
- Lupus. (2014, November 18). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lupus/basics/definition/con-20019676.
- Molina-Holgado, F., Pinteaux, E., Moore, J.D., Molina-Holgado, E., Guaza, C., Gibson, R.M., and Rothwell, N.J. (2003, July). Endogenous Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Mediates Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Actions of Cannabinoids in Neurons and Glia. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(16), 6470-4. Retrieved from http://www.jneurosci.org/content/23/16/6470.long.
- Parker, J., Atez, F., Rossetti, R.G., Skulas, A., Patel, R., and Zurier, R.B. (2008, May). Suppression of human macrophage interleukin-6 by a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid acid. Rheumatology International, 28(7), 631-5. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00296-007-0489-0.
- Ware, M.A., Doyle, C.R., Woods, R., Lynch, M.E., and Clark, A.J. (2003, March). Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey. Pain, 102(1-2). Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/pain/Abstract/2003/03000/Cannabis_use_for_chronic_non_cancer_pain__results.23.aspx.
- What is lupus? (n.d.). Lupus Foundation of America. Retrieved from http://www.lupus.org/answers/entry/what-is-lupus
Menstrual Cramps
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- Sanchez, A.M., Vigano, P., Mugione, A., Panina-Bordignon, P., and Candiani, M. (2012, December). The molecular connections between the cannabinoid system and endometriosis. Molecular Human Reproduction, 18(12), 563-71. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/molehr/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/molehr/gas037.
- Sanchez, A.M., Cioffi, R., Vigano, P., Candiani, M., Verde, R., Piscitelli, F., Di Marzo, V., Garavaglia, E., and Panina-Bordignon, P. (2016, August). Elevated Systemic Levels of Endocannabinoids and Related Mediators Across the Menstrual Cycle in Women With Endometriosis. Reproductive Sciences, 23(8), 1071-9. Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1933719116630414.
- Taylor, A.H., Abbas, M.S., Habiba, M.A., and Konje, J.C. (2010, May). Histomorphometric evaluation of cannabinoid receptor and anandamide modulating enzyme expression in the human endometrium through the menstrual cycle. Histochemistry and Cell Biology, 133(5), 557-65. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00418-010-0695-9.
- Ware, M.A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., and Collet, J.P. (2015, September 15). Cannabis for the Management of Pain: Assessment of Safety Study (COMPASS). The Journal of Pain. Retrieved from http://www.jpain.org/article/S1526-5900(15)00837-8/fulltext.
- Wilsey, B., Marcotte, T., Deutsch, R., Gouaux, B., Sakai, S., and Donaghe, H. (2013, February). Low-dose vaporized cannabis significantly improves neuropathic pain. The Journal of Pain, 14(2), 136-48. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566631/.
- Woodhams, S.G., Sagar, D.R., Burston, J.J., and Chapman, V. (2015). The role of the endocannabinoid system in pain. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 227, 119-43. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-46450-2_7.
- Your Guide to Menstrual Cramps. (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/women/menstrual-cramps#1.
Migraines/Cluster Headaches
- Akerman, S., Holland, P.R., Lasalandra, M.P. and Goadsby, P.J. (2013, September). Endocannabinoids in the brainstem modulate dural trigeminovascular nociceptive traffic via CB1 and “triptan” receptors: implications in migraine. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(37), 14869-77. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771033/.
- Greco, R., Gasperi, V., Maccarrone, M., and Tassorelli, C. (2010, July). The endocannabinoid system and migraine. Experimental Neurology, 224(1), 85-91. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488610001159.
- Greco, R., Mangione, A.S., Sandrini, G., Nappi, G. and Tassorelli, C. (2014, March). Activation of CB2 receptors as a potential therapeutic target for migraine: evaluation in an animal model. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 15, 14. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995520/.
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- McGeeney, B.E. (2013). Cannabinoids and hallucinogens for headache. Headache, 53(3), 447-58. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/head.12025/full.
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- Russo, E.B. (2001). Hemp for Headache: An In-Depth Historical and Scientific Review of Cannabis in Migraine Treatment. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(2), Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J175v01n02_04.
- Wilsey, B., Marcotte, T., Deutsch, R., Gouaux, B., Sakai, S., and Donaghe, H. (2013, February). Low-dose vaporized cannabis significantly improves neuropathic pain. The Journal of Pain, 14(2), 136-48. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566631/.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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- Baker, D., Pryce, G., Croxford, J.L., Brown, P., Pertwee, R.G., Huffman, J.W., and Layward, L. (2000, March 2). Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature, 404(6773), 84-7. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6773/full/404084a0.html.
- Centonze, D., Bari, M., Rossi, S., Prosperetti, C., Furlan, R., Fezza, F., De Chiara, V., Battistini, L., Bernardi, G., Bernardini, S., Martino, G., and Maccarrone, M. (2007, October). The Endocannabinoid System Is Dysregulated in Multiple Sclerosis and in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Brain, 130(Pt10), 2543-53. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/brain/awm160.
- Corey-Bloom, J., Wolfson, T., Gamst, A., Jin, S., Marcotte, T.D., Bentley, H., and Gouaux, B. (2012). Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(10), 1143–1150. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394820/.
- Croxford, J.L., Pryce, G., Jackson, S.J., Ledent, C., Giovannoni, G., Pertwee, R.G., Yamamura, T., and Baker, D. (2008, January). Cannabinoid-mediated neuroprotection, not immunosuppression, may be more relevant to multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 193(1-2), 120-9. Retrieved from http://www.jni-journal.com/article/S0165-5728(07)00396-7/fulltext.
- de Lago, E., Moreno-Martet, M., Cabranes, A., Ramos, J.A., Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2012, June). Cannabinoids ameliorate disease progression in a model of multiple sclerosis in mice, acting preferentially through CB1 receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. Neuropharmacology, 62(7), 2299-308. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390812000500.
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- Honarmand, K., Tierney, M.C., O’Connor, P., Feinstein, A., (2011, March 29). Effects of cannabis on cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 76(13), 1153-60. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068013/.
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- Pertwee, R.G. (2002, August). Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 95(2), 165-74. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725802002553.
- Pryce, G., Ahmed, Z., Hankey, D.J., Jackson, S.J., Croxford, J.L. Pocock, J.M., Ledent, C., Petzold, A., Thompson, A.J., Giovannoni, G., Cuzner, M.L., and Baker, D. (2003, October). Cannabinoids inhibit neurodegeneration in models of multiple sclerosis. Brain, 126(Pt 10), 2191-202. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/126/10/2191/314489/Cannabinoids-inhibit-neurodegeneration-in-models.
- What Is MS? (n.d.). National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Retrieved from http://www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS.
- Zajicek, J., Fox, P., Sanders, H., Wright, D., Vickery, J., Nunn, A., Thompson, A., and UK MS Research Group. (2003, November 8). Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 362(9395), 1517-26. Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)14738-1/abstract.
Muscle Spasms
- Baker, D., Pryce, G., Croxford, J.L., Brown, P., Pertwee, R.G., Huffman, J.W., and Layward, L. (2000, March 2). Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature, 404(6773), 84-7. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/35003583.
- Borgelt, L.M., Franson, K.L., Nussbaum, A.M., and Wang, G.S. (2013, February). The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis. Pharmacotherapy, 33(2), 195-209. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/phar.1187/full.
- Corey-Bloom, J., Wolfson, T., Gamst, A., Jin, S., Marcotte, T.D., Bentley, H., and Gouaux, B. (2012). Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(10), 1143–1150. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394820/.
- Pertwee, R.G. (2002, August). Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 95(2), 165-74. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725802002553.
- Spasticity. (n.d.). National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Retrieved from http://www.nationalmssociety.org/Symptoms-Diagnosis/MS-Symptoms/Spasticity.
- Thaera, G.M., Welik, K.E., Carter, J.L., Demaerschalk, B.M., and Wingerchuk, D.M. (2009, November). Do cannabinoids reduce multiple sclerosis-related spasticity? Neurologist, 15(6), 369-71. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/theneurologist/Abstract/2009/11000/Do_Cannabinoids_Reduce_Multiple_Sclerosis_Related.19.aspx.
- Zajicek, J., Fox, P., Sanders, H., Wright, D., Vickery, J., Nunn, A., Thompson, A., and UK MS Research Group. (2003, November 8). Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 362(9395), 1517-26. Retrieved from http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)14738-1/abstract.
Muscular Dystrophy
- Borgelt, L.M., Franson, K.L., Nussbaum, A.M., and Wang, G.S. (2013, February). The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis. Pharmacotherapy, 33(2), 195-209. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/phar.1187/full.
- Muscular dystrophy. (2014, November 27). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/basics/definition/con-20021240.
- NINDS Muscular Dystrophy Information Page (2015, September 24). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/md/md.htm.
- Pertwee, R.G. (2002, August). Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 95(2), 165-74. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725802002553.
- Wilsey, B., Marcotte, T., Deutsch, R., Gouaux, B., Sakai, S., and Donaghe, H. (2013, February). Low-dose vaporized cannabis significantly improves neuropathic pain. Journal of Pain, 14(2), 136-48. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566631/.
- Woodhams, S.G., Sagar, D.R., Burston, J.J., and Chapman, V. (2015). The role of the endocannabinoid system in pain. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 227, 119-43. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-46450-2_7.
Nausea
- Limebeer, C.L., and Parker, L.A. (1999, December 16). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol interferes with the establishment and the expression of conditioned rejection reactions produced by cyclophosphamide: a rat model of nausea. Neuroreport, 10(19), 3769-72. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=1999&issue=12160&article=00009&type=abstract.
- Machado Rocha, F.C., Stefano, S.C., De Cassia Haiek, R., Rosa Oliveira, L.M., and Da Silveira, D.X. (2008, September). Therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cancer Care, 17(5), 431-43. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2008.00917.x/full.
- Nausea and vomiting. (2014, September 4). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nausea/basics/definition/sym-20050736.
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- Parker, L.A., Mechoulam, R., Schlievert, C., Abbott, L., Fudge, M.L., and Burton, P. (2003, March). Effects of cannabinoids on lithium-induced conditioned rejection reactions in a rat model of nausea. Psychopharmacology, 166(2), 156-62. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-002-1329-2.
- Parker, L.A., Rock, E.M., Sticht, M.A., Wills, K.L., and Limebeer, C.L. (2015). Cannabinoids suppress acute and anticipatory nausea in preclinical rat models of conditioned gaping. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 97(6), 559-61. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/cpt.98/full.
Neuropathy
- Blázquez, C., Chiarlone, A., Bellocchio, L., Resel, E., Pruunsild, P., García-Rincón, D., Sendtner, M., Timmusk, T., Lutz, B., Galve-Roperh, I., and Guzmán, M. (2015). The CB1 cannabinoid receptor signals striatal neuroprotection via a PI3K/Akt/mTORC1/BDNF pathway. Cell Death and Differentiation, 22(10), 1618–1629. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4563779/.
- Castelli, M.P., Madeddu, C., Casti, A., Casu, A., Casti, P., Scherma, M., Fattore, L., Fadda, P., and Ennas, M.G. (2014). Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Prevents Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity. PLoS ONE, 9(5), e98079. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028295/.
- Fernández-Ruiz, J., Romero, J., Velasco, G., Tolon, R.M., Ramos, J.A., and Guzman, M. (2007, January). Cannabinoid CB2 receptor: a new target for controlling neural cell survival. Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(1), 39-45. Retrieved from http://www.cell.com/trends/pharmacological-sciences/fulltext/S0165-6147(06)00267-7.
- Fishbein, M., Gov, S., Assaf, F., Gafni, M., Keren, O., and Sarne, Y. (2012, September). Long-term behavioral and biochemical effects of an ultra-low dose of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): neuroprotection and ERK signaling. Experimental Brain Research, 221(4), 437-48. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00221-012-3186-5.
- Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Xiao, L., Van Cleemput, J., Ji, S.P., Bai, G., and Zhang, X. (2005). Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(11), 3104–3116. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253627/.
- Kim, S.H., Won, S.J., Mao, X.O., Jin, K., and Greenberg, D.A. (2006, March). Molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid protection from neuronal excitotoxicity. Molecular Pharmacology, 69(30), 691-6. Retrieved from http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/69/3/691.long.
- López Rodríguez, A.B., Siopi, E., Finn, D.P., Marchand-Leroux, C., Garcia-Segura, L.M., Jafarian-Tehrani, M.H., and Viveros, M.P. (2013). CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonists prevent minocycline-induced neuroprotection following traumatic brain injury in mice. Cerebral Cortex. Retrieved from http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/19/cercor.bht202.abstract.
- Marsicano, G., Goodenough, S., Monory, K., Hermann, H., Eder, M., Cannich, A., Azad, S.C., Cascio, M.G., Gutiérrez, S.O., van der Stelt, M., López-Rodriguez, M.L., Casanova, E., Schütz, G., Zieglgänsberger, W., Di Marzo, V., Behl, C., and Lutz, B. (2003, October 3). CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors and On-Demand Defense Against Excitotoxicity. Science, 302(5642), 84-8. Retrieved from http://science.sciencemag.org/content/302/5642/84.
- McDonough, P., McKenna, J.P., McCreary, C., and Downer, E.J. (2014, October). Neuropathic orofacial pain: cannabinoids as a therapeutic avenue. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 55, 72-8. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272514002581.
- Panikashvili, D., Simeonidou, C., Ben-Shabat, S., Hanus, L., Breuer, A., Mechoulam, R., Shohami, E. (2001, October). An endogenous cannabinoid (2-AG) is neuroprotective after brain injury. Nature, 413(6855), 527-31. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v413/n6855/full/413527a0.html.
- Peripheral neuropathy. (2014, December 2). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/basics/definition/con-20019948.
- Pryce, G., Ahmed, Z., Hankey, D.J., Jackson, S.J., Croxford, J.L. Pocock, J.M., Ledent, C., Petzold, A., Thompson, A.J., Giovannoni, G., Cuzner, M.L., and Baker, D. (2003, October). Cannabinoids inhibit neurodegeneration in models of multiple sclerosis. Brain, 126(Pt 10), 2191-202. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/126/10/2191/314489/Cannabinoids-inhibit-neurodegeneration-in-models.
- Sagredo, O., Garcia-Arencibia, M., de Lago, E., Finetti, S., Decio, A., and Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2007, August). Cannabinoids and Neuroprotection in Basal Ganglia Disorders. Molecular Neurobiology, 36(1), 82-91. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12035-007-0004-3.
- van der Stelt, M., Veldhuis, W.B., Bar, P.R., Veldink, G.A., Vliegenthart, J.F., and Nicolay, K. (2001, September 1). Neuroprotection by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the Main Active Compound in Marijuana, against Ouabain-Induced In Vivo Excitotoxicity. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(17), 6475-9. Retrieved from http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/17/6475.long.
- Ware, M.A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., and Collet, J.P. (2015, September 15). Cannabis for the Management of Pain: Assessment of Safety Study (COMPASS). The Journal of Pain. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26385201.
- Witting, A., Chen, L., Cudaback, E., Straiker, A., Walter, L., Rickman, B., Moller, T., Brosnan, C., and Stella, N. (2006, April 18). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disrupts endocannabinoid-mediated neuroprotection. PNAS, 103(16), 6362-7. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/103/16/6362.full.
- Woodhams, S.G., Sagar, D.R., Burston, J.J., and Chapman, V. (2015). The role of the endocannabinoid system in pain. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 227, 119-43. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-46450-2_7.
- Xapelli, S., Agasse, F., Sardà-Arroyo, L., Bernardino, L., Santos, T., Ribeiro, F.F., Valero, J., Braganca, J., Schitine, C., de Melo Reis, R.A., Sebastiao, A.M., and Malva, J.O. (2013). Activation of Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor (CB1R) Promotes Neurogenesis in Murine Subventricular Zone Cell Cultures. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e63529. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3660454/.
- Zogopoulos, P., Vasileiou, I., Patsouris, E., and Theocharis, S. (2013, April). The neuroprotective role of endocannabinoids against chemical-induced injury and other adverse effects. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 33(4), 246-64. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/jat.2828/full.
Osteoarthritis
- Bab, I., & Zimmer, A. (2008). Cannabinoid receptors and the regulation of bone mass. British Journal of Pharmacology, 153(2), 182–188. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219540/.
- Burston, J.J., Sagar, D.R., Shao, P., Bai, M., King, E., Brailsford, L., Turner, J.M., Hathway, G.J., Bennett, A.J., Walsh, D.A., Kendall, D.A., Lichtman, A., and Chapman, V. (2013). Cannabinoid CB2Receptors Regulate Central Sensitization and Pain Responses Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Knee Joint. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80440. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840025/.
- Idris, A.I., Sophocleous, A., Landao-Bassonga, E., Canals, M., Milligan, G., Baker, D., van’t Hof, R.J., and Ralston, S.H. (2009, August). Cannabinoid receptor type 1 protects against age-related osteoporosis by regulating osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation in marrow stromal cells. Cell Metabolism, 10(2), 139-47. Retrieved from http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(09)00202-2.
- La Porta, C., Bura, S.A., Negrete, R., and Maldonado, R. (2014, February). Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in osteoarthritis pain. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 39(3), 485-500. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/ejn.12468/full.
- Ofek, O., Karsak, M., Leclerc, N., Fogel, M., Frenkel, B., Wright, K., Tam, J., Attar-Namdar, M., Kram, V., Shohami, E., Mechoulam, R., Zimmer, A., and Bab, I. (2006). Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(3), 696–701. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1334629/.
- Osteoarthritis. (n.d.). Arthritis Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/types/osteoarthritis/.
- Osteoarthritis. (2014, October 9). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis/basics/definition/con-20014749.
- Richardson, D., Pearson, R.G., Kurian, N., Latif, M.L., Garle, M.J., Barrett, D.A., Kendall, D.A., Scammell, B.E., Reeve, A.J., and Chapman, V. (2008). Characterisation of the cannabinoid receptor system in synovial tissue and fluid in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 10:R43. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453762/.
- Schuelert, N., and McDougall, J.J. (2008, January). Cannabinoid-mediated antinociception is enhanced in rat osteoarthritic knees. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 58(1), 145-53. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.23156/full.
- Sumariwalla, P.F., Palmer, C.D., Pickford, L.B., Feldmann, M., Foxwell, B.M., and Brennan, F.M. (2009, January). Suppression of tumour necrosis factor production from mononuclear cells by a novel synthetic compound, CLX-090717. Rheumatology (Oxford), 48(1), 32-8. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/rheumatology/ken398.
- Woodhams, S.G., Sagar, D.R., Burston, J.J., and Chapman, V. (2015). The role of the endocannabinoid system in pain. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 227, 119-43. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-46450-2_7.
Palliative Care
- Borgelt, L.M., Franson, K.L., Nussbaum, A.M., and Wang, G.S. (2013, February). The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis. Pharmacotherapy, 33(2), 195-209. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/phar.1187/full.
- Cousens, K., and DiMascio, A. (1973). (−)δ9 THC as an hypnotic. Psychopharmacologia, 33, 355-364. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00437513.
- Gorelick, D.A., Goodwin, R.S., Schwilke, E., Schroeder, J.R., Schwope, D.M., Kelly, D.L., Ortemann-Renon, C., Bonnett, D., and Huestis, M.A. (2013, September-October). Around-the-clock oral THC effects on sleep in male chronic daily cannabis smokers. The American Journal on Addictions, 22(5), 510-514. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4537525/.
- Hospice care. (2016, February 6). MedlinePlus. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000467.htm.
- Hospice Care – Topic Overview. (n.d.). WebMD. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/balance/tc/hospice-care-topic-overview#1.
- Jatoi, A., Windschitl, H.E., Loprinzi, C.L., Sloan, J.A., Dakhil, SR., Mailliard, J.A., Pundaleeka, S., Kardinal, C.G., Fitch, T.R., Krook, J.E., Novotny, P.J., and Christensen, B. (2002). Dronabinol versus megestrol acetate versus combination therapy for cancer-associated anorexia: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20(2), 567-73. Retrieved from http://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco.2002.20.2.567?journalCode=jco.
- NHPCO’s Facts and Figures – Hospice Care in America: 2015 Edition. (2015). National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization. Retrieved from https://www.nhpco.org/sites/default/files/public/quality/Pediatric_Facts-Figures.pdf.
- Parker, L.A., Mechoulam, R., Schlievert, C., Abbott, L., Fudge, M.L., and Burton, P. (2003, March). Effects of cannabinoids on lithium-induced conditioned rejection reactions in a rat model of nausea. Psychopharmacology, 166(2), 156-62. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-002-1329-2.
- Ware, M.A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., and Collet, J.P. (2015, September 15). Cannabis for the Management of Pain: Assessment of Safety Study (COMPASS). The Journal of Pain. Retrieved from http://www.jpain.org/article/S1526-5900(15)00837-8/fulltext.
Parkinson’s Disease
- Finseth, T.A., Hedeman, J.L., Brown, R.P. 2nd, Johnson, K.I., Binder, M.S., and Kluger, B.M. (2015). Self-reported efficacy of cannabis and other complementary medicine modalities by Parkinson’s disease patients in Colorado. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 874849. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4363882/.
- Garcia-Arencibia, M., Garcia, C., and Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2009, December). Cannabinoids and Parkinson’s disease. CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets, 8(6), 432-9. Retrieved from http://www.eurekaselect.com/93569/article.
- Javed, H., Azimullah, S., Haque, M.E., and Ojha, S.K. (2016). Cannabinoid Type 2 (CB2) Receptors Activation Protects against Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Associated Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Rotenone Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10, 321. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4969295/.
- Lastres-Becker, I., and Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2006). An overview of Parkinson’s disease and the cannabinoid system and possible benefits of cannabinoid-based treatments. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 13(30), 3705-18. Retrieved from http://www.eurekaselect.com/58342/article.
- Lotan, I., Treves, T.A., Roditi, Y., and Djaldetti, R. (2014, March-April). Cannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease: an open-label observational study. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 37(2), 41-4. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/clinicalneuropharm/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2014&issue=03000&article=00001&type=abstract.
- Parkinson’s disease. (2015, July 7). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/basics/definition/con-20028488.
- Sagredo, O., García-Arencibia, M., de Lago, E., Finetti, S., Decio, A., and Fernández-Ruiz, J. (2007, August). Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in basal ganglia disorders. Molecular Neurobiology, 36(1), 82-91. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12035-007-0004-3.
- Shohet, A., Khlebtovsky, A., Roizen, N., Roditi, Y., and Djaldetti, R. (2016, October 10). Effect of medical cannabis on thermal quantitative measurements of pain in patients with Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Pain, doi: 10.1002/ejp.942 [Epub ahead of print]. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejp.942/full.
- Sieradzan, K.A., Fox, S.H., Hill, M., Dick, J.P., Crossman, A.R., and Brotchie, J.M. (2001, December 11). Cannabinoids reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Neurology, 57(11), 2108-11. Retrieved from http://www.neurology.org/content/57/11/2108.long.
- Song, L., Yang, X., Ma, Y., Wu, N., and Liu, Z. (2014). The CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist reduces L-DOPA-induced motor fluctuation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 8, 2173–2180. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226453/.
- Venderová, K., Růzicka, E., Vorísek, V., Visnovský, P. (2004, September). Survey on cannabis use in Parkinson’s disease: subjective improvement of motor symptoms. Movement Disorders, 19(9), 11-2-6. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/mds.20111/full.
- What is Parkinson’s Disease? (2015). Parkinson’s Disease Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.pdf.org/about_pd.
- Zeissler, M.L., Eastwood, J., McCorry, K., Hanemann, C.O., Zajicek, J.P., and Carrol, C.B. (2016, July 19). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol protects against MPP+ toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells by restoring proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Oncotarget, 7(29), 46603-46614. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5216821/.
Post Concussions
- Arain, M., Khan, M., Craig, L., and Nakanishi, S.T. (2015, March). Cannabinoid agonist rescues learning and memory after a traumatic brain injury. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 2(3), 289-94. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4369278/.
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy. (2014, November 11). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/basics/definition/con-20113581.
- Donat, C.K., Fischer, F., Walter, B., Deuther-Conrado, W., Brodhun, M., Bauer, R.., and Brust, P. (2014). Early increase of cannabinoid receptor density after experimental traumatic brain injury in the newborn piglet. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 74,197-210. Retrieved from http://www.ane.pl/linkout.php?pii=7419.
- Evidence suggests contact sports played by amateurs increase risk of degenerative disorder. (2015, December 1). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://newsletter.carehubs.com/t/ViewEmail/j/2B6E3073A3AD413C/59F3204D88C0AFA89A8E73400EDACAB4.
- Karantzoulis, S., and Randolph, C. (2013). Modern chronic traumatic encephalopathy in retired athletes: What is the evidence? Neuropsychology Review, 23, 350-360. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11065-013-9243-4.
- Ling, H., Kara, E., Revesz, T., Lees, A.J., Plant, G.T., Martino, D., Houlden, H., Hardy, J., and Holton, J. (2014). Concomitant progressive supranuclear palsy and chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a boxer. Acta Neuropathologica Communications, 2, 24. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996066/.
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- McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., Nowinski, C. J., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Gavett, B. E., Budson, A. E., Santini, V.E., Lee, H.S., Kubilus, C.A., and Stern, R. A. (2009). Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: Progressive Tauopathy following Repetitive Head Injury. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 68(7), 709–735. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945234/.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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- Bonn-Miller, M.O., Vujanovic, A.A., and Drescher, K.D. (2011, September). Cannabis use among military veterans after residential treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 25(3), 485-91. Retrieved from https://msrc.fsu.edu/system/files/Bonn-Miller%20et%20al%202011Cannabis%20use%20among%20military%20veterans%20after%20residential%20treatment%20for%20posttraumatic%20stress%20disorder.pdf
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- Korem, N., and Akirav, I. (2014). Cannabinoids Prevent the Effects of a Footshock Followed by Situational Reminders on Emotional Processing. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(12), 2709–2722. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200492/.
- Lu, A.T., Ogdie, M.N., Järvelin, M.R., Moilanen, I.K., Loo, S.K., McCracken, J.T., McGough, J.J., Yang, M.H., Peltonen, L., Nelson, S.F., Cantor, R.M., and Smalley, S.L. (2008). Association of the Cannabinoid Receptor Gene (CNR1) With ADHD and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics : The Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, 147B(8), 1488–1494. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685476/.
- Neumeister, A., Normandin, M.D., Pietrzak, R.H., Piomelli, D., Zheng, M.Q., Gujarro-Anton, A., Potenza, M.N., Bailey, C.R., Lin, S.F., Najafzadeh, S., Ropchan, J., Henry, S., Corsi-Travali, S., Carson, R.E., and Huang, Y. (2013). Elevated Brain Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Availability in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Positron Emission Tomography Study. Molecular Psychiatry, 18(9), 1034–1040. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752332/.
- Passie, T., Emrich, H.M., Karst, M., Brandt, S.D., and Halpern, J.H. (2012, July-August). Mitigation of post-traumatic stress symptoms by Cannabis resin: a review of the clinical and neurobiological evidence. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4(7-8), 649-59. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/dta.1377/full.
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- Potter, C.M., Vujanovic, A.A., Marshall-Verenz, E.C., Bernstein, A., and Bonn-Miller, M.O. (2011, April). Posttraumatic stress and marijuana use coping motives: the mediating role of distress tolerance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 437-43. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3101637/.
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- Wilker, S., Pfeiffer, A., Elbert, T., Ovuga, E., Karabatsiakis, A., Krumbholz, A., Thieme, D., Schelling, G., and Kolassa, I.T. (2016, May). Endocannabinoid concentrations in hair are associated with PTSD symptom severity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 67, 198-206. Retrieved from http://www.psyneuen-journal.com/article/S0306-4530(16)30040-3/fulltext.
Spinal Cord Injuries
- Adhikary, S., Li, H., Heller, J., Skarica, M., Zhang, M., Ganea, D., and Tuma, R.F. (2011). Modulation of Inflammatory Responses by a Cannabinoid-2–Selective Agonist after Spinal Cord Injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 28(12), 2417–2427. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235339/.
- Arevalo-Martin, A., Garcia-Ovejero, D., and Molina-Holgado, E. (2010, May). The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol reduces lesion expansion and white matter damage after spinal cord injury. Neurobiology of Disease, 38(2), 304-12. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969996110000409.
- Arevalo-Martin, A., Garcia-Ovejero, D., Sierra, Palomares, Y., Paniagua-Torija, B., Gonzalez-Gil, I., Oretega-Gutierrez, S. and Molina-Holgado, E. (2012). Early endogenous activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors after spinal cord injury is a protective response involved in spontaneous recovery. PLos One, 7(11), e49057. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3496738/.
- Arevalo-Martin, A., Molina-Holgado, E., and Garcia-Ovejero, D. (2016, January 4). Cannabinoids to treat spinal cord injury. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 64, 190-9. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584615000573.
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- Borgelt, L.M., Franson, K.L., Nussbaum, A.M., and Wang, G.S. (2013, February). The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis. Pharmacotherapy, 33(2), 195-209. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/phar.1187/full.
- Cardenas, D.D., and Jensen, M.P. (2006). Treatments for chronic pain in persons with spinal cord injury: A survey study. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 29(2), 109-17. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1864800/.
- Heutink, M., Post, M.W., Wollaars, M.M., and van Asbeck, F.W. (2011). Chronic spinal cord injury pain: pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and treatment effectiveness. Disability and Rehabilitation, 33(5), 433-40. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/09638288.2010.498557?needAccess=true.
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- Latini, L., Bisicchia, E., Sasso, V., Chiurchiu, V., Cavallucci, V., Molinari, M., Maccarrone, M., and Viscomi, M.T. (2014, September 4). Cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R). stimulation delays rubrospinal mitochondrial-dependent degeneration and improves functional recovery after spinal cord hemisection by ERK1/2 inactivation. Cell Death & Disease, e1404. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4540196/.
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- Wilsey, B., Marcotte, T.D., Deutsch, R., Gouaux, B., Sakai, S., and Donaghe, H. (2003, February). Low dose vaporized cannabis significantly improves neuropathic pain. Journal of Pain, 14(2), 136-148. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566631/.
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Sleep Disorders
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- Jetley, R., Heber, A., Fraser, G., and Boisvert, D. (2015, January). The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: A preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 585-8. Retrieved from http://www.psyneuen-journal.com/article/S0306-4530(14)00413-2/fulltext.
- Murillo-Rodríguez, E., Palomero-Rivero, M., Millán-Aldaco, D., Arias-Carrión, O., and Drucker-Colín, R. (2011). Administration of URB597, Oleoylethanolamide or Palmitoylethanolamide Increases Waking and Dopamine in Rats. PLoS ONE, 6(7), e20766. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136458/.
- Pava, M.J., Makriyannis, A., and Lovinger, D.M. (2016). Endocannabinoid Signaling Regulates Sleep Stability. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0152473. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4816426/.
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- Rueda-Orozco, P.E., Soria-Gomez, E., Montes-Rodriguez, C.J., Perez-Morales, M., and Prospero-Garcia, O. (2010, April 5). Intrahippocampal administration of anandamide increases REM sleep. Neuroscience Letters, 473(2), 158-162. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394010002284.
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